What Is Anglicism

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Most recently, the corpus study by Onysko (2007) determines an increase in the number of frequently used anglicisms in the German newsmagazine Der Spiegel from 12.725 tokens in 1993 to 19.965 in 2000 (2007:125).

This increase is particularly due to the growing frequency in usage of IT-anglicisms (e.g., E-Mail, Internet, Cyberspace, Homepage, Software, Web, online, and the pseudo anglicism Handy 'cell phone').

In addition, the complete elicitation of Der Spiegel of the year 2000 has established 1.11% of all word-tokens and 5.24% of all word-types as anglicisms in German (2007:114). This underlines the overall marginal quantitative impact of English on general German, particularly since the newsmagazine is both regarded as rather innovative in language use and open to the integration of English loans.

Altogether, the evidence of these studies shows a slight increase in the number of English terms used in German contexts over time; this, however, does not support any claims for a massive influx of English words into German, which is sometimes presented as a given fact in critical public statements on the contact between the two languages.

Recently, anglicism research in German has extended its empirical base to the analysis of spoken language (mostly in TV transmissions, cf. Glahn, 2002), to investigating specialized use of anglicisms (e.g., in advertisements, where the presence of anglicisms is more pronounced, partly due to the influence of global advertising), and to cross-linguistic case studies of anglicism use (cf., e.g., Pliimer, 2000 for a comparison of anglicisms in French and in German, and Nettmann Multanowska, 2003 for German and Polish; also cf.

an earlier study by Jablofiski, 1990 on English internationalisms in German, Polish, and French). Yet another approach to investigating possible English influences on German is pursued as part of research at the center for multilingualism at Hamburg University. Here, the hypothesis is put to the test that translation offers a pathway for English textual conventions to sneak into German (cf. House & Rehbein, 2004).

Apart from these generally descriptive studies, Carstensen & Busse have advanced the understanding of potential English lexical influence on German with their milestone lexicographical achievement of the German Dictionary of Anglicisms (Anglizismenworterbudi) published in 3 volumes (1993, 1994, and 1996).

The particular merit of their work is the meticulous description of English loans and potential caiques that is supported by a plethora of citations showing essential usage contexts of the anglicisms.

Despite the developments of anglicism research since the second half of the twentieth century, a lot of ground still needs to be covered in the field.

To name just two important pathways of future research, it seems, first of all, necessary to expand corpus linguistic approaches, particularly with the help of computational means to automatically detect English loans.

A first promising step in the direction of software development has been taken by Alex's (2008) design of an English inclusion classifier targeted for German and French texts.